The Serbs Chose War, Ruth Mitchel THE SERBS' DARKEST HOUR On April 12, 1941, two days after Croatia became an independent state and joined the Axis, an order was published in the Zagreb newspapers requiring all Serbs not natives to the town to leave within twenty-four hours and threatening that anyone hiding Serbs would be shot. This order, by Dr. Ante Pavelich, head of the Independent State of Croatia, was a prelude to a massacre of Serbs not surpassed for brutality and atrocity in the whole sorrowful history of the human race. Even the German massacres of the Jews, incredible as this sounds, pale by comparison. More than 600,000 defenseless Serbs, long resident in Croatia-men, women, and small children-died in literally unprintable circumstances and another half-million were driven from their homes, penniless and dying of starvation by the wayside. Excerpts from four out of many documents describing these massacres are presented here. One is by a Mohammedan resident of Croatia, another by a Jewish physician of Belgrade, and two by Croats themselves. It need hardly be said that many Croats are filled with horror at the fiendish crimes committed by their fellow countrymen. A note on how such massacres were feasible is necessary. As all students of race, language, and nationality know, Europe does not consist of homogeneous populations, but of a series of race, language, or nationality islands. This was true of Yugoslavia. The Serbs did not live exclusively in Serbia nor the Croats in Croatia. Like Americans who move freely from state to state, they settled now here, now there, and some of these settlements were of very ancient date. Thus in the fifteenth century, when hard pressed by the Turks, many Serbs had moved northward, and about a million had settled in Croatia, so that in the Independent State of Croatia one third of the population of Croatia proper was actually Serb. From 1918 onward, Croat politicians like Pavelich and Machek had been deliberately teaching their people to hate the Serbs. One of the clever stratagems which the Croats, as a minority group, found effective was never to oppose the government or a particular ministry or party. Instead they opposed a people. For twenty-three years prior to the massacres the Croat leaders had been persuading the Croat peasants and workers that all their troubles were due to the Serb "oppressors," just as the Germans were taught that all their troubles were due to the Jews. In thus instilling hatred in the Croats against their brothers, the Serbs, they may have failed to realize that the repression of centuries of vassalage when released would make the Croats run berserk. At any rate, Pavelich decided to secure his position by not only ridding himself of the large Serbian element in Croatia proper, but also eliminating the Serbs in Bosnia, where the majority of the population is Serbian, but which had been given to Croatia in payment for her deal with Germany. Bosnia has always been considered by historians, geographers, and ethnologists to be a Serbian province, since it is predominantly Serb. The population statistics of Bosnia compiled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914 (prior to the outbreak of World War I), when Bosnia was an Austro-Hungarian province, may be considered to be impartial, since Austro-Hungary never liked or was likely to favor the Serbs. Austro-Hungarian Statistics on the Population of Bosnia: 1914 Orthodox 930,000 Moslem 620,000 Catholic 420,000 1,970,000 The 930,000 Orthodox believers of Bosnia were Serbs. The 620,000 Moslems were Serbians who had adopted the Mohammedan faith in the fifteenth century, at a time when this province was ruled by the Turks. The 420,000 Catholics were Croatian Roman Catholics. It is a fact that there are no Croat Orthodox Catholics and no Serbian Roman Catholics. Adding the Orthodox Serbs and the Moslem Serbs together, it will be seen that there were I,550,000 Serbs in Bosnia in 1914. That is, three fourths of the population was Serbian. Croatia's extermination of the Serbs of Bosnia was therefore as much a violation of the ethics of race and nationality which Europe has evolved during the centuries as anything ever done by the Nazis. It is another return to the barbarism which is the black stigma of our century. The massacres were carried out by the three branches of the Croatian forces, the Ustashi, the Home Defense, and the regular army. Local Croat officials often participated in the shooting of prominent Serbian citizens belonging to their locality. Most of these officials were men who had been put in by Dr. Machek himself when he set up his autonomous government. They went over, with almost no resignations, to the Axis and continued their functions under Pavelich. The object of the massacres was deliberate and political: it was to make Croatia a Greater Croatia by annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina, so that, if the Allies should by any chance win and allow the population to vote on their choice of country, there should be no Serbs alive to cast their ballots. The history of the massacres is as follows: Between April 12 and 15 and on the night of May 31, 1941, mass arrests were made in Zagreb, Sarajevo, Mostar, Banja-Luka, Travnik, Dubrovnik, Livno, and other towns. The first large massacres occurred the night of May 31, when groups of prominent Serb citizens were seized and taken to the outskirts of the towns and shot. These spring killings in Croatia proper are generally referred to as the Glina massacres. Among the Serbs who died in the spring massacres were the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Bishop of Zagreb, who was seventy-five years old; Dr. Dushan Jeftanovic, president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry; the patriot, Dr. Vojislav Besarovic; and a famous leader of the Sokol youth movement, Bogdan Vivodvic. It should be noted that the Italians again and again tried to intervene to save the defenseless Serbs and often succeeded. Thus about 350 Serbians imprisoned by the Croats in Mostar, Livno, Trebinye, and Dubrovnik were released by the Italians. There were many other instances where the horrors revolted not only the Italians but even the Germans. The great massacres of 1941 did not take place until June 24 to 28. They continued intermittently until November 1942, by which time practically all the I,250,000 Serbs and Jews had been either exterminated or driven out. The later massacres were characterized by the truly Hitlerite trickiness of Dr. Ante Pavelich. On June 22 he issued an order stating that anyone using force against citizens of the country would be severely punished. This notice, designed to put the Serbs off their guard, was broadcast on the radio, read in churches, and published in newspapers. But simultaneously he sent a coded telegram to the Ustashi ordering them to proceed with the massacres. What happened can best be told by eyewitnesses: DOCUMENT 1 GRIZOGONO LETTER Source: Letter written by Privislav Grizogono, a Croat and a Roman Catholic, member of the Yugoslav Diplomatic Corps, Minister to Czechoslovakia, Minister to Poland, addressed to Dr. Aloisius Stepinac, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zagreb, Croatia, February 8, 1942. Published in translation by the American Srbobran, a Serbian paper of Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A., February 24, 1943: "These atrocities do not amount to killings alone. They aim at extermination of everything Serbian: women, children, and aged men, and in terribly wild tortures of the victims. These innocent Serbs were stuck on poles alive, and fires were built on their bare chests. Literally they were roasted alive, burned to death in their homes and churches. Boiling water was poured on live victims before mutilation; their flesh was salted. Eyes were dug out of live victims, ears amputated, noses and tongues lobbed off. The beards and mustaches of priests, together with their skin, were ripped off rudely by knives. They were tied to trucks and dragged behind them. The arms and legs of the victims were broken and their heads were spiked. "They were thrown into the deep cisterns and caves, then literally bombed to pieces. Crowbars smashed their heads. Their children were thrown into fire, scalding water, and fed to the fired lime furnaces. Other children were parted by their legs; their heads crushed against walls and their spines dashed against rocks. These and many other methods of torture were employed against the Serbs-tortures which normal people cannot conceive. Thousands of Serbian bodies floated down the Sava, Drava, and Danube rivers and their tributaries. Many of these bodies bore tags: 'Direction-Belgrade, to King Peter.' In one boat on the Sava there was a pile of children's heads, with a woman's head (presumably the mother of the children) labeled: "Meat for John's Market-Belgrade" (meaning meat for the Serbian market). "The case of Milenka Bozinich from Stapandza is a particularly gruesome one: they dug her unborn child out of her with a knife. Then, in Bosnia, a huge pile of roasted heads was found. Utensils full of Serbian blood were also discovered; this was the hot blood of their murdered brothers that other Serbs were forced to drink. "Countless women, girls, and children were raped, mothers before daughters and daughters before mothers, while many women, girls, and female children were ushered off to Ustashi garrisons to be used as prostitutes. Rapes were committed even before the altars of the Orthodox Church. About 3,000 Serbs were murdered in the Serbian Orthodox Church at Glina, and the massacre of Serbians before the altar at Kladusha with sledge hammers is something never mentioned in history.... "There are detailed and official minutes (reports) about these unheard-of crimes. They are so terrible they have shocked even the Germans and Italians. Many pictures were taken of these massacres and torture orgies. The Germans claim the Croats did these same things during the Thirty-Year War and that, since then, there is a proverb in Germany: 'God save us from cholera, hunger, and the Goats.' Even the Germans from Srem [Syrmia] hate us and act more or less humanely toward the Serbs. The Italians have photographed a vessel holding 31.5 kilograms of Serbian eyes, and one Croat decorated with a wreath of Serbian eyes came to Dubrovnik with two wreaths of Serbian tongues. "Though we Croatians shall never be able to erase this shamefulness which we brought upon ourselves with these crimes, we can at least lessen our responsibility before the world and our consciences if we raise our voices in protest against all these crimes. "This is the last hour for us to do so. After all the great crimes in history, punishments follow. What will happen to us Croats if the impression is formed that we participated in all these crimes to the finish!?"# PRIVISLAV GRIZOGONO At Zemun, Feb. 8, 1942 # There are passages in this document relating to Croatian atrocities which are unprintable. DOCUMENT 2 LUKAC REPORT Source: Handwritten report sent by underground channels through Cairo, written by Dr. Theodore Lukac, a Croatian, director of the District Hospital at Mostar, Yugoslavia: . . . "Meanwhile, 24 days after the first pogrom, that is on June 24, 1942, the real massacre began. Vidovdan [the Serb national holiday] was approaching, and the Ustashis openly said that the Serbs would remember this Vidovdan. We now come to the most treacherous crime committed by the Ustashis. On June 22 Pavelich published an order in the official newspapers, on the wireless, and even through church sermons, that whoever used force against the citizens of the state would be most severely punished. At the same time he sent a coded telegram to each Ustashi group, directing them to carry out by whatever means they wished precisely during the days before Vidovdan the massacre and extermination of the Serbs. "From June 24th to the 28th over 100,000 Serbs were murdered in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Lika, Croatia, and Srem [Syrmia]. All of them were innocent men. On this occasion they were carried off, not under cover of night, but in full daylight. The Serbs were caught as if they were wild beasts, in the streets, in official buildings, and in their offices. The peasants were caught in their fields. They were thrown into lorries and carried outside the towns, where they were massacred. Many of them were subjected to the most brutal tortures before they were killed.... "Out of 2,000 Serbs in Livno, over I,900 were murdered. A few old men and women and some small children got away. At Ljuboski all the Serbs were killed and not one was spared. There perished with them a very popular doctor of the town, Dr. Alexander Lukac. "In Stolac, all the Serbs, except three old men of over eighty, were put to death. At Ljubinje and in the valley of Popovo polje, more than 8,000 peasants were killed and all the Serbian villagers were completely exterminated. "Twelve hundred people were killed in Mostar, among them some of the most prominent persons: seven priests, Dr. Valjko Jelashic, the medical officer, the most prominent businessmen such as the brothers Cerekovic, Ljuba Sain, Jovo Oborin, Tosa Mjunic, and his brother, Dr. Veljko Mjunic, schoolmasters, engineers, judges, and railway officials. "The remainder of the Serbs were saved either by flight into the forests or else by going into Serbia. For a great deal of money permits to travel to Serbia could be bought from the Gestapo.... "In Bihac and the neighborhood not one Serb remained alive. On the eve of Vidovdan they rounded up the peasants in the neighborhood of Bihac and 9,000 men were killed in only four days. The executioners were the gypsy-moslem scum, and they were paid by the Ustashis fifty dinars. a kilogram of mutton, and a kilogram of rakija per hour of murdering. "But the worst murder occurred in Glina. Each night Serbs were bound and taken (from the concentration camps) to the Orthodox Church, where they were killed with knives. The corpses floated on the blood, and the murderers boasted that they walked in Serbian blood up to their knees. "In the valley of the Neretva, from Mostar towards Metkovic, all were exterminated; in Capljina only one Serbian remained alive. In the villages of Klepce and Pribilovci, near Capljina, they took away 300 peasants, deceiving them by telling them that they were being taken to work. Then they shut them up in great sheds, which they set alight so that they died of the most terrible suffering.... "The concentration camps were not barracks, but merely open places which had been enclosed or else roofless sheds, with no floors to lie down upon and where people were shut in as if they were animals. For food they were given once a day a kind of soup, which was in fact merely lukewarm water with five or six beans in it. In the course of three weeks, most of them died of acute dysentery. The most infamous of the camps was the one at Jasenica on the Sava, where over 60,000 people succumbed. "The worst of the women's camps was at Loborgrad. It is impossible to describe the conditions which women had to endure. They could not wash, and they had to lie down on the filth. All the young ones were raped, and girls of fourteen were found to be pregnant. The camp on the island of Pag was the scene of the most terrible bloodshed. There were about 4,500 Serbs there, 2,500 Jews, and about I,500 Great Nationalists, Communists, and so-called Freemasons. They also lived in the open, and they were murdered under particularly brutal circumstances. When the Ustashis heard that Pag would again be taken over by the Italians, they killed all the persons in the camp at the last moment, merely in order to prevent their being set free by the Italians.... "The turn of some towns, Sarajevo for instance, came as late as October and November 1941 At that time punitive expeditions were sent to the villages around Sarajevo, Palo, Blasuj, Romania, Semozovac, Railevac, all of them purely Serbian villages. They always proceeded in the same way: they either caught the peasants through trickery, or else during night attacks with the help of the regular troops. "The district where the Serbian population was the most compact offered the strongest resistance to the Ustashis: that is, Bosanska, Krcina, E. Bosnia, and Herzegovina. "This terrible catastrophe at the hands of their 'brothers,' according to quite certain information simultaneously collected by two committees, the one on Split and the other, a secret one, in Belgrade, cost the Serbs not less than 700,000 lives." DOCUMENT 3 HERBEROVIC AFFIDAVIT Source: A legal affidavit, signed and sworn to by Herberovic Hilmija, a Mohammedan resident of Croatia, in regard to the Glina massacres: "I came to Belgrade in 1038 and lived there until the war. At first I made my livelihood by selling various trifles on the street; later, I was employed as office servant by the Centralno Transportno Drustvo of Kolarceval, Belgrade. "On the day of the bombing I was in Belgrade, and I left on the same day to report to my command in Susak in accordance with my mobilization orders.... I cannot remember the date, but I think it must have been the 17th or 18th of April 1941. The company commander on that date called all the soldiers together and informed us that the war was over and everyone should proceed home.... I arrived home in Bosanski Novi about the 24th of April, 1941.... Then I received an order from the military command in Petrinja to report there.... At the beginning of June my company was ordered to Glina to establish order and peace in that district and to collect all the arms and ammunition from the people.... "On our arrival in Glina we searched the houses of that town and then went to the neighboring villages. When the searching was over, the Ustashis arrived from Zagreb and Petrinja and we were then ordered to round up from the villages all men from twenty to forty five years of age.... At the beginning we arrested only the men. We collected them from the villages and shut them in the Court gaol. There they remained several days, until the gaols were filled, and they were then put to death. The killing was done in several ways. Some were locked up in the Orthodox Church in Glina, which could contain 1,000 men. Then the company officer chose about fifteen men to do the killing. They were then sent into the church with knives. During the butchering, sentries were placed before the church. This was necessary because some of the Orthodox Serbs climbed up the bell tower and jumped into the porch. All these were killed by the sentries in the porch. I was three times chosen to do the killing. Each time we were accompanied by some officers, Dobric Josip and Cvitkovic Mihailo, and some Ustashi officers. "When we entered the church the officers remained at the door and watched while we did the killing. Some we struck in the heart and some in the neck. Some we struck haphazard. During the killings there were no lights in the church, except that some soldiers were specially appointed to light our way with electric torches. It happened on several occasions that some Serb rushed us with his fists or kicked us in the stomach, but he was butchered immediately. There was always much noise during the killing. The Serbs used to shout 'Long live Serbia,' 'Long live the Serbs,' 'Down with Pavelich,' 'Down with the Ustashis,' 'Down with the Croatian State,' etc. "The killing usually began at about ten o'clock in the evening and lasted until two o'clock in the morning, and the cries were continued until the last Serb was killed. These killings in the church took place seven-eight times, and I took part in them three times. Every time we were so bespattered with blood that our uniforms could not be cleaned. We therefore changed them in the magazine and washed them later. The church was washed after every killing, after the corpses were taken away in motor trucks. Usually they were thrown into the river Glina. Sometimes they were buried. "Some Orthodox Serbs were taken from the gaol to the river Glina and machine-gunned. Usually three to four hundred persons were machine-gunned at a time. They were stood up in two ranks on the bank, tied arm to arm with ropes, and then shot with machine guns which were placed a few yards away. The machine-gunning was done by the Ustashis while we stood guard around. The corpses of these persons were thrown into the Glina.... "My company's task was to round up the Serbs in Glina and in the Glina district, but orders were also given that all Serbs in the districts of Topusko and Vrgin Most as well as Glina should be rounded up and killed. I do not know exactly how many Serbs were killed, but I have heard it said that about 120 thousand Serbs from the above mentioned districts have been killed.... "I have nothing more to add. These notes have been read out to me, and all my statements have been correctly written down. "I can read and write." HERBEROVIC HILMIJA DOCUMENT 4 ANONYMOUS Source: Letter written by a Jewish physician, professor in the Department of Medicine in the University of Belgrade, to a friend in London on his escape from Yugoslavia in 1942. As the writer is a Jew, for the sake of relatives who remain in Yugoslavia his name cannot be used: "In Yugoslavia there were 85,000 Jews, including Jewish emigrees from Germany, Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Thanks to the Serbs, the Yugoslav Jews had succeeded in saving and rescuing many of their compatriots from Germany and German-occupied countries. Service rendered and assistance given to Jews by Yugoslav consular officials in Austria and Czechoslovakia has specially to be recognized. Of the total number of Jews in Yugoslavia about 7,500 were refugees. "The Jews in Yugoslavia were divided into Sephards, and Eskenasis [Ashkenazis]. The Sephards lived principally in Belgrade and Serbia, also in south Serbia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. The Eskenasis principally settled in Croatia, Slavonia, and the Voivodina. After the partition of Yugoslavia the Jews came under the rule of various regimes, including Pavelich's 'Independent Croatian State.' "The 'solution' of the Jewish question in the Independent Croatia devolved upon the Croatian Ustashis. In Serbia, however, the Jewish problem was not dealt with by the Serbs themselves. This the Germans reserved for themselves. There are special reasons for this. When they occupied Serbia, the Germans did not find any anti-Semitic feeling in the country. They could not persuade either the local population or the local authorities to take any anti-Semitic measures. "The fact that Nedich twice demanded from the German commanding officer in Serbia and the Banat that he and his government should be given the right to settle the Jewish problem, against whom no drastic measures should and could be taken in Serbia, shows the feeling of the Serbian people toward the Jews. The following reasons were given by Nedich to the Germans for this demand. If the Germans wanted the Serbs to calm down, it would be of first importance to stop the terrible persecution of the Serbian Jews. The Serbian people could not and would not accept such treatment of 'their compatriots of the Jewish religion.' The Serbs consider Jews as their brothers, only of a different religion. The answer which Nedich received from the Germans regarding this demand was 'that the Serbs have not attained a culture to the degree necessary to enable them to deal with the Jews. We ourselves shall settle the Jewish question in Serbia.' "With regard to anti-Semitism, Yugoslavia can be divided into two parts, i.e., districts where this feeling was latent, and Serbia, where, it can be said without any exaggeration, anti-Semitic feeling has never had any root. "During Yugoslavia's twenty-three years of existence, Serbia has always professed the free democratic tradition existing in the former kingdom of Serbia. There in the nineteenth century, and later in the twentieth, the Jews always had full civic rights and complete equality with their Serbian compatriots. This equality was not only granted in various constitutions of the kingdom of Serbia and later of the kingdom of Yugoslavia, but it was also a true expression of the relationship between the Orthodox Serbs and the Jews in their everyday con tact. This friendly and amicable relationship also existed in the economic, financial, and political life in Serbia. The small group of Jews living in Serbia gave their contribution towards the cultural and political life in Serbia's struggle for the formation of a state of South Slavs. The Jews had in Serbia members of Parliament. In Serbia's struggle for liberation, the Jews gave their contribution. Several were awarded the Karadgeorge Star for bravery in the battlefield-equivalent to the British V.C. "About a year before Yugoslavia was attacked by Germany, by pressure from the Reich and in their attempt to suit their policy to the dictators, the Tsvetkovich-Machek Government passed the first anti-Semitic measure in Yugoslavia. The Government was not unanimous on this point. Dr. Koroshets, leader of the Slovenes, upheld the measure as Minister of Education. Serbian cabinet ministers, however, including the Minister of War, refused to apply the act. The application of it was confined to the Ministry of Education, under the Slovene Dr. Koroshets, and the Ministry of Trade and Industry, under the Croat Dr. Andres. "In all the schools and universities, numerous restrictions were applied by circular, but in Serbia Serb teachers and professors succeeded in avoiding or sabotaging the regulations. "In this regard Serbia completely differed from Croatia under Dr. Machek and the district governor or ban, Shubashich. In Croatia anti Semitism was inherited from Austria-Hungary. Anti-Semitic centers had always existed. Dr. Shubashich's Croatia had even prepared elaborate laws and regulations just before the war broke out in Yugoslavia in 1941. A large part of the industries in Jewish hands in Croatia was to be confiscated and nationalized. Anti-Semitism was particularly stressed in Croatia by the right wing of Dr. Machek's Croatian Peasant Party. "This report could be divided into two parts-the first beginning with the entry of German troops into Belgrade in April 1941 to the beginning of August 1941; the second from the middle of August 1941 until the closing down of the office of the 'Jewish section' late in 1942. The section was closed because there were no longer any Jews in occupied Serbia. During the first stage the Jews were tortured, persecuted, maltreated, taken for forced labor. Well-known Jews and Serbs were taken to German concentration camps. Women of the intelligentsia class were forced to clean latrines in the German barracks, to clean floors and sweep streets under the supervision of the S.S. troops. They were made to clean the windows of high houses from the outside, and several of them lost their lives through falling down. Jewish girls were violated and taken to 'Militar-Medi.' Already during the first stage the Jews were deprived of all their property and most of them were evicted from their homes. "In the second period male Jews were sent to concentration camps. But quite a number of men and young Jews succeeded in escaping to the villages, where they lived with Serbian peasant families. A number later joined the guerrillas. A considerable number of youths from the Jewish Zionist organization, which co-operated with the Serbian organizations for the preparation of resistance, actively helped the guerrilla fighters. Many collected hospital material for the guerrillas or posted anti-German posters in Belgrade streets. The name of Almozlino, a schoolboy of ten, the son of a well-known Belgrade dispensing chemist in King Peter Street, should be mentioned. He threw bombs at two armored German cars and a tank in Grobljanska Street in Belgrade and blew them up. His elder brother, a medical student, is still fighting in Bosnia, in spite of the order that the mayor and members of the rural councils would be shot if such cases were discovered in their villages. "Some forty of my relatives were shot in Belgrade by the Germans. I am, however, very proud to say that today two small relatives of mine, one of five and one of seven years of age, whose parents were shot by the Gestapo, are being hidden by two Serbian mothers. "No German measures in Belgrade were able to upset the friendly relations between the Serbs and Jews. During the forced-labor period Serbs talked to their Jewish friends in the streets even in front of the German soldiers and police. During the period when over 300,000 Serbs were massacred by the Croat Ustashi in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Lika and some 60,000 shot by the Germans in Serbia, during the period when Serbian students and peasants were hung in the main square in Belgrade, the Serbs of the capital had sufficient courage to protest publicly their indignation at the treatment of the Jews. "When Jewish women were transported in lorries to the concentration camps, Serb shopkeepers in the streets through which these processions passed closed their shops and their houses, thus express ing not only their protest, but also emphasizing the fact that the entire population of Serbia, yesterday and today, does not and cannot participate in the extermination of their Jewish neighbors. "The example of the Serbian people with regard to the Jews is unique in Europe, particularly in the southern part of the continent. In spite of intensive German propaganda in writing and through the wireless, the Serbs remained unaffected. When we consider what happened to the Jews in neighboring countries, in the 'Independent State of Croatia,' Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria, the Serbian example shines out. "Today there are no more Jews left in Serbia, except some children hidden by the Serbs and those fighting along with the Serbs in the forests. I saved my own life thanks to my Serbian friends. I was saved from certain death. Serbian peasants and my other friends also saved from death my only son, who was on several occasions sought by the Gestapo in Belgrade. "It is my desire as a Jew and as a Serb that in free democratic countries where Jews are still enjoying full freedom and equality they should show gratitude to the Serbian people, pointing out their noble acts, their humane feelings, and their high civic consciousness and culture.... "I cannot conclude this report without mentioning how the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Patriarch Gavrilo, and his clergy tried to save Serbian Jews and Gypsies. Up to the present day the Germans have massacred 170,000 Gypsies, men, women, and children, in Serbia and the Banat. Serbian Orthodox priests and the Serbian peasantry risked their lives not only to save ordinary Jews and their children but also to save those Gypsies and their children. Today the chief rabbi of Yugoslav Jews lives in America. He was saved from the Gestapo, being smuggled out from Serbia from monastery to monastery by the Serbian clergy. He was handed over by one Serbian church to another, by one Serbian priest to another until he was passed on to Bulgarian territory. There, with the assistance of the Orthodox Bulgarian clergy, some of whom were his personal friends, he arrived at the Turkish frontier." The preceding documents, only a few of many, give some indication of the extent and ferocity of the Croat crime against their utterly defenseless fellow countrymen and also of the really magnificent spirit of our allies and brothers, the Serbs. The thought of what the result will be is truly terrifying. There is not a Serb alive who has not lost some relative dear to him, murdered, with unimaginable torture, by a race whom the Serbs themselves rescued from what the Croats then called their "oppressor," Austria-by those same Croats, even the identical men, who only twenty-three years ago received their "dear deliverers," their "dear brother-Slavs," with fervent acclamation and expressions of "undying gratitude and love." If ever revenge massacres were justified they are justified in this case. But in the interests of world peace and of the remaining Serbs themselves, our splendid allies, every one of whom we value and want to save alive, we must prevent a postwar war of revenge in the Balkans. Previous Chapter | Content | Next Chapter The Serbs Chose War, Ruth Mitchel