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SO HELP ME GOD! - Vojislav Dosenovich
The Serbian Patriarch and the Serbian Church
Following the mysterious death of Patriarch Varnava at the height of the Concordat struggle, Dr. Gavrilo Dozich was elected as the new patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church. He came to this position as the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral Coast. I spent most of that summer at home and in the mountains of Kleckovaca as a guest of my brother and his wife. I loved the mountains, so staying with my
brother afforded me an opportunity to spend much of the summer enjoying them. Late one afternoon, after a rain, we decided to enter the forest to gather raspberries. With my back to the bright afternoon sun, I pushed aside the thick bushes, only to be confronted by the fierce glare of a large brown bear peering at me from out of my own shadow! Fortunately for me, the bear suddenly turned and walked away. I did the same thing. Half-dazed, as though walking on air, I slipped away from the bushes. I travelled about one hundred meters before I realized that I had given no thought to my furry friend. But there he was, sitting on a clean flat rock, looking straight at me. Perhaps he had been as surprised as I was, but I'm sure that he wasn't nearly as frightened!
Although I enjoyed my vacations in the mountains, I was very isolated from news of the serious events taking place at that time. Sometimes we would learn of an important event a week or two after it had occurred. Such was true of the news of the death of Patriarch Varnava. I was left shocked and suspicious about the circumstances surrounding his death and surprised by how quickly his successor had been elected. I supposed then that it had been some bureaucratic necessity for the bishops to act so quickly in filling the patriarchal throne.
As for the new patriarch, I must admit that I had some reservations, but these stemmed only from the fact that he was a relative of someone with whom I had experienced a physical confrontation at a football game. Of course, this was just one of those simple antipathies that arise from some related dislike, and which should have had no genuine effect on my respect for the new patriarch.
The new patriarch was the fortieth patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Born in Montenegro, he attended seminary at Prizren, then went on to continue his studies in Constantinople and Athens, finally attaining a doctorate in theological studies. After this, he was sent to France and Switzerland for more education. Just before the Balkan War, on December 1, 1911, Dr. Gavrilo Dozich became the bishop of the Ras-Prizen diocese in the Kosovo region. During the Balkan War, he did his best to help Montenegro and Serbia in their struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Later he was elected Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral Coast. During World War I, he was interned at Nezider by the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Throughout all of this he maintained great faith in the victory of freedom, which he finally enjoyed following the defeat of the Central powers. Following the war, he did much to advance the interests of the
Church in the new kingdom, which was comprised of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
The personal experience of guiding his church and her people through two wars prepared this leader for the developments that would lead Yugoslavia to the side of the democratic allies. The Serbian Orthodox patriarch played an important role by boldly voicing his opinion to the political leadership of the country. Before rat)fication of the Pact of March 25, he said:
Our tradition, our pride and our good name which we enjoy in the world, and the obligations we owe future generations, imperatively do not allow us to join the Tri-partite Pact; furthermore, one should not forget that joining the Axis now would bring the most damaging after- effects for our country and people alike. It is my duty to tell you openly that joining the Axis through the Tri-partite Pact would destroy the vital energies and moral strength of our people; it would deepen people's patriotic feelings and deeply wound their pride, traditions and ideals.52
The government, however, proceeded with its plans, concluding the pact with the Axis powers.
Two days after the Pact of March 25, events occurred that greatly altered the situation. At that time, the patriarch issued the following broadcast over Belgrade radio:
In these days, fate again presents us with the challenge of which kingdom we will choose. The answer was given early this morning. We have chosen the Kingdom of Heaven, meaning the kingdom of God's truth and justice, the people's unity and freedom. Providence directed us along the right path, which St. Sava showed to the Serbian people a long time ago. The God of Justice, Who has saved us so far from ruin, heard our voice and again saved us from going astray and diverting from our steadfast historic way.
My dear children in the Holy Spirit, let us pray before God, and stand upright before men. If it is meant for us to live, let us live in holiness and freedom, but if we are to die, let us die for holiness and freedom, as did many millions of our predecessors.53
On April 6, German dive-bombers descended on Belgrade, as the war machine of the Nazis and fascists invaded the country of Patriarch Gavrilo. The other events that followed, during World War II and for
decades beyond, test)fied to the prophecy of the patriarch. He shared the suffering and the humiliation of his church and people.
A few weeks later, Patriarch Gavrilo was taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans. He was brought to Sarajevo to stand trial before a military tribunal for alleged "war crimes." The patriarch's personal secretary, who was also imprisoned, reported later that the patriarch continued to maintain his dignity, fully consistent with his character. The secretary reports that the patriarch often gave his accusers the opposite of what they wanted and that he often remained silent, even when he was physically assaulted in the courtroom. After using every cruel trick imaginable, the accusers realized that they had failed miserably in their attempt to force the patriarch to acquiesce in their demands. The Germans confined the patriarch to the Vojlovica monastery.
In September 1944, the Gestapo arrived at Vojlovica. They transported the patriarch and the well-known Bishop Nikolai to the concentration camp at Dachau, where they remained until the end of the war. Certainly, no head of the church of any other country, nor other bishop of Nikolai's renown, was imprisoned at Dachau.
On May 8, 1945, the patriarch and Bishop Nikolai were liberated by the U.S. Army. Soon afterward, King Peter of Yugoslavia invited the patriarch and the bishop to London for the baptism of his son, Alexander. Canon Douglas, an American clergyman, wrote to Reverend Ristanovich of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, saying:
It pleases me to inform you that Mr. Bevan, despite some difficulties, has given his assent for Patriarch Gavrilo and Bishop Nikolai to come to London to baptize the heir to the thrQne, for which King Peter pleaded to gain it for them. According to this, if there would be some interest for them to come to America following their visit here, you must apply for permission to do so immediately.54
Apparently, the patriarch was forced to leave Great Britain after only two weeks. He was not inclined to go back to a country under communist rule. He wrote: "Our fate is unpredictable and a bitter one . . . I am forced to leave this country, but I myself do not know where to go or how.'' Writing later to Bishop Dionisije, of the American Canadian Diocese, the patriarch said:
Being in general difficulty, weak from illness and without means, and defeated with the general condition of our people, I cannot think or find my way. The only salvation can come to us from God, since all hope from men is pale and uncertain . . . I am presently in no condition to travel across the ocean, and, according to the advice of Bishop Irenei, I should not go to our country because, so I have been informed, I would be of no help to the persecuted Church and her people under the present circumstances there.55
The patriarch traveled from London to Rome, residing with one of his friends there. Again he wrote to Bishop Dionisije: "From our unfortunate fatherland we hear nothing good, and that which one hears more clearly is that our people find themselves in a hell, such an one unknown in our history. Only the mercy of God can deliver us from this hopeless situation into which we have been mercilessly thrown."56
Patriarch Gavrilo traveled from Italy to Czechoslovakia for reasons of health. From there he made the decision to return to Yugoslavia. He wrote: "It has been six years that I have wandered and suffered. All of this I have done without complaining of the fate which has befallen me. I am alone and exhausted. Make every effort for me to come there [to Yugoslavia] and we will share our destiny together."57
Patriarch Gavrilo arrived in Belgrade on December 14, 1946. He wrote to Bishop Dionisije again: "We are constrained so much that we can hardly breathe. We await even worse. We are restrained from printing the Herald, the Calendar, or anything else. In many regions, faith and church are destroyed. The people are fighting, but force restricts us more and more."58 Finally, on May 7, 1950, the Holy Synod announced the falling asleep in the Lord of Patriarch Gavrilo Dozic.
As for the late Bishop Nikolai, I was pleased to have had the opportunity of meeting him shortly after my arrival in the United States in July of 1948. He was residing at Saint Sava Monastery in Libertyville, Illinois, where I spent a year. It was a special privilege to be in the presence of this saintly man, to listen to him during our daily meals tell of the experiences of his life, and even to be ordained at his hand. Although the bishop never mentioned his imprisonments, we know that even the conditions at Dachau were not enough for either Bishop Nikolai or Patriarch Gavrilo to yield anything at all to the enemy.
As one considers the patriarch's pronouncement to his people on March 27, one is reminded of Tsar Lazar's words following the battle of Kosovo, five centuries earlier, which also affirmed the choice of the Kingdom of Heaven:
From Jerusalem, the Holy City
Lo, there flew a grey falcon,
And he bore a little swallow.
No, it was not a falcon;
'Twas Elijah, 'twas the holy prophet;
And he bore not a little swallow,
But a book from God's Holy Mother,
To the Emperor, from Kosovo Field;
He dropped it upon the Tsar's knees;
The book itself then began to speak to him.
"Wilt thou have the Kingdom of Heaven,
Or that of this earth?
The earthly kingdom is ephemeral,
That of Heaven, though, everlasting and eternal."
The Tsar loved the Kingdom of Heaven more
Than that of earth;
And he ordered a church built at Kosovo,
And he laid the foundation, not of marble,
But with pure silk and scarlet,
And then he ordered his army to receive
Holy Communion.
Copyright © 1992 Vojislav Desenovich
Copyright © 1997 Serbian Unity Congress All Rights Reserved.
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