According to the widespread and ill-founded opinion of Starcevic's rightists, subsequent Frankofurtimists and their spiritual followers, Pavelic's ustashas, who all claimed Croatian state and historic right, Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia appeared there artificially, by the intermediary of the Serbian Orthodox Church and religion, with the assistance of the priests, monks and teachers. Serbs, created and nurtured by their church, according to this abominable claim which is clearly inspired by Croatian plans of assimilation, deliberately split up the Croats so as to thwart them in their development and the realisation of their national tasks. The Serbs in Croatia, according to the nationally blinded Croats, are "Croatian renegades, allies of the Italians and Hungarians", they are "nothing other than cats-paws of foreigners against Croatia's freedom and unification", "sons of that cursed tribe which everywhere spreads hatred, slaughter and murder, which in a greed for power tramples down on everything, imagining that they would thereby frighten the Croatian people". The Serbs are vipers "of whom you are safe only when you have crushed their heads".

Because the Serbs in Croatia are not Serbs but Croats of Orthodox faith, because they are Croatian renegades, collaborators with Croatia's enemies, Italians and Hungarians, they had to be forced by hook or by crook to renounce their Serbian and embrace the Croatian idea of the state. This is how this question was viewed by one of the most eminent leaders of the Party of Right, Eugen Kvaternik, and how he thought he would resolve this problem. In a letter to Don Mihovil Pavlinovic, a leader of the Croatian National Party from Dalmatia, written in Zagreb on June 22, 1869, Kvaternik wrote: "What are the Serbs? They are infamous agents trying to split our nation, for the sake of hostile foreigners, into two peoples, two camps. We read your Narodni list. Your hair would stand on end if we were to discuss its misguided policy and spirit on many subjects. But for the time being, let us talk only of the Serbs.

"If we believe in one God and his justice; if we have respect for science; if we hold that righteousness cannot be defended with crooked and mendacious ways, why then should we recognise the infamous Serbs on our sacred soil? What do you expect to achieve? Do you hope to mollify the Byzantines? Do you think you will deceive the Byzantines? To some of them the Croatian name is what holy water is to Satan, as they say. If this is what you believe, then we feel sorry for you! You are doing yourself a disservice, and you will soon realise that you have been on the wrong path.

"We admit no such wavering; we know that it is childish to expect anything from them; we know them to be the most terrible dagger the dying Austria wields against our people; therefore, we openly say: only a traitor to our homeland, a renegade to his kin, an enemy of science, can for the sake of his religion declare in the sacred Croatian land that he is a Serb and not a Croat. We openly say to them that the Croatian people will know how to punish such treason, how to destroy such a bastard religion, which is capable of making people betray their nation and all that is most sacred to the people.

"Here in Civil Croatia and Slavonia there are 800,000 Catholics and 129,000 Vlachs. In your parts, with 420,000 inhabitants, there are more than 80,000 of them; we do not care if within the Frontier they make up as much as one half; in relation to the total number of our people, they account for only one-fifth; but we are disciplining them with our pure national policy so that they dare not open their mouths; the youth are beginning to join us because they are impressed with such an open, manly and pure policy.

"Why do you not act in the same way? Are you not ashamed when you read in your paper, 'we the Croats and Serbs'? What are you then? Do you not realise that you are opting out of your nationality? Who has it written on his forehead that he is a Serb? Do you not realise that you are thereby aiding your worst enemy? Furthermore, as you consider parties around Dalmatia, do you not realise that in addition to the German-Italian bureaucratic parties there exist some secret ones fomented by certain agents. God grant that I may be wrong, but I am afraid that these tendencies are Serbian inspired; I cannot imagine what else they could be. If I am not wrong, if these tendencies are indeed 'Serbian', what do you gain by stooping to these easterners, concurring for their sake with their Serbian lies? Does it not amount to lending support to them?

"I pray to God that the serpents might be uncovered in good time before they threaten you with Serbianism; you will then realise that you have been wavering in your policy, and you will shake them off with one stroke, like we do, instead of holding a serpent for a brother! Croats, looking to the West, are capable of overcoming Serbian barbarity alone; but for this purpose, there must be a direction, there must be a constant principle. Shilly-shallying is death! Get together with your Ljubic and keep a watch; you will not go wrong.

"These are the reasons why we shall not digress by one iota from the direction given by Hervat. The style of writing will change of its own accord as soon as we remove by this means the unclean workers. And you shall see that very soon, the flag of the pure, unsullied Croatia will wave not from the Drava to the sea, but from the Salzburg-Tyrollean Alps all the way to Kosovo and Albania".

What the founder of the Party of Rights told Mihovil Pavlinovic suggests that the Serbs, by the fact that they existed, that they were Serbs and not Croats, just by living on the soil of Croatia, were splitting the united Croatian people for the sake of alien interests. Under no circumstances was Kvaternik ever ready to admit that there were any other peoples in the Croatian state territory than the Croatian people. Even though most of the Serbs in and outside Austria-Hungary believed the Habsburg Monarchy was their greatest and most dangerous adversary, Kvaternik maliciously accused them, without any reason, of being "the most terrible dagger" in the Monarchy's hands, pointed against the Croats.

The Rightists' leader made this evaluation of the Serbs at the moment when they, together with the most progressive members of the Croatian National Party, were marshalling all their forces for the purpose of destroying the dualist system, bringing down the unionist Ban, Levin Rauch, and nullifying the discriminatory and humiliating provisions of the Croato-Hungarian Nagodba. Although the Serbs had defended Croatian state, national and political interests, Kvaternik denounced them as traitors, not because they betrayed anybody, but because they were Serbs and not Croats, because they were Orthodox and not Catholics. They were accused of treason at the time of their greatest loyalty and patriotism, when with their high political consciousness they led the way in the hard oppositionist struggle against Austria-Hungary and the system which it had imposed on Croatia. The entirely fabricated accusation of the alleged betrayal of Croatian interests was to be continually raised against the Serbs. It was a label which was unscrupulously attached to them for a very definite purpose. The label was intended to put the Serbs on the defensive, at all times and in every activity, to force them to demonstrate and prove that they were loyal citizens of Croatia, that they were patriots and not traitors. They were expected to think less of their Serbian and more of Croatian interests, if they were to avoid the label of traitor. This label was to create complexes in them, weaken them and force them to keep reasserting their loyalty. Socio-psychological and politicological research would undoubtedly show that this incessant and well-thought out branding did yield results, creating among the Serbs in Croatia, albeit in small numbers and mostly among intellectuals, a type of submissive personality who in his eagerness to prove his conformism, became, in sentiment and mentality, more ardent Croats than the Croats themselves.

The ideologists of the Party of Right sharply denounced all those daring to admit that there were Serbs as well as Croats in Croatia, and, convinced that such people were hostile to Croatia and the Croats, regarded them as traitors to the motherland, to common sense and to science.

In his letter about the Serbs addressed to Pavlinovic, Kvaternik presented himself and his followers as champions of strong-arm rule. He boasted to Pavlinovic that the Serbs in Croatia "dare not open their mouths". He suggested to Pavlinovic that a similar policy towards the Serbs should also be pursued in Dalmatia. He did not try to conceal his unwarranted and sick hatred of the Serbs, who for him were Byzantines, Easterners, barbarians and foes. Although he hated and scorned them so passionately, he just as strongly wanted them to be Croats. Those who would not agree to it, those who felt themselves to be Serbs, as was true of a vast majority of them, Kvaternik threatened with physical annihilation. In this manner, among the bourgeois politicians of Croatia, he had become one of the first advocates of genocide against the Serbian people in the Triune Kingdom. He had sown these morbid seeds which later on, when he was no longer around, were taken up, nurtured and scattered by the Frankists, ustashas and followers of Tudjman's HDZ. His evil seed clearly fell on fertile ground, for he was able to boast that "the youth are beginning to join us".

The founder and ideologist of the rightists revealed to his friend Pavlinovic the true sense of the policy he propounded, the policy which implied the destruction of the "brood of the bastard Orthodox religion". The goal of this policy, according to Kvaternik, was to hoist the flag of the "pure, unsullied Croatia" which would flutter, "not from the Drava to the sea but from the Salzburg-Tyrollean Alps all the way to Kosovo and Albania". In other words, the rightist ideologist called for a great ethnically and confessionally pure Croatian state.

Because the Serbs did not agree to become Croats of Orthodox religion, Ante Starcevic, following in the footsteps of Kvaternik, only a year later hinted at the road which Croats would follow in dealing with the Serbian question. He wrote in 1870: "The Croatian people will not suffer this slavish brood (meaning the Serbs - V.K.) to sully the holy land of the Croats."

That Kvaternik's and Starcevic's notion of the Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia had completely imbued the Croatian policy, that it had become prevalent in the Croatian society, can be affirmed by numerous proofs. I will adduce only some, for illustration's sake.

Don Mihovil Pavlinovic's notions in 1869, when Kvaternik counselled him on how to deal with Serbs and the members of the "bastard religion" in Dalmatia, can be seen from his letter to Bishop Strossmayer of August 31, 1869: "The manuscript I am sending you with this book will make my thoughts clear, and which can be reduced to the two points: Croat and Catholic. For this idea I shall lay my heart, my labour, my life. For everything else I do not care a cent".

Narrow-minded, bigoted Croat and fanatic Catholic, not only he gave "not a cent" for the other nations and faiths, but was also their fiery opponent and hater. When he wrote his book Hrvatski razgovori (Croatian Talks), Niko Veliki Pucic referred to it in a letter to Valtazar Bogisic with the following words: "Terrible work, a real libello incendiario against the Serbs, so much so that the imperial and royal government bought the whole edition of the book by this Dalmatian katun. He is threatening, threatening, threatening!"

The well-known Croatian politician, Frano Supilo, like Kvaternik and Starcevic, believed that the question of Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia can and must be resolved, if there be no other way, by their physical destruction. He wrote that the Croats, if they wish to emancipate Croatia from the Serbs, "must first of all take up all available means (even the worst ones, for all sorts of things are permitted in politics), including the most perilous one, so that their domestic enemy of the same language is either assimilated or destroyed in other ways. (Underlined by V.K.) From this need, to the proclamation 'there are no more Serbs!' with all its consequences, is but one single step."

Believing that everything is permitted in politics, as Supilo wrote, the Frankists' deputy in the Sabor of Croatia, Dr. Jerko Pavelic, brazenly declared in the Sabor how he and his political followers would deal with the question of the Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia. He claimed that the Serbian idea in Croatia and Slavonia was imported from Serbia, but that it had not yet assumed such proportions that it could not be brought back to the Croatian idea. If the Frankists won power, said Pavelic, the "so-called" Serbs would within 48 hours become "Orthodox Croats".

Pavelic's frightening statement was answered by Dr. Dusan Popovic. "We Serbs are deeply insulted by Pavelic's words. I am surprised that this kind of statement could be made by Dr. Pavelic, who as an historian should know that an entire generation must be slaughtered before a nation can be moulded into another." It is beyond question that Pavelic and his ilk did know this truth, but he was prepared to adopt this method of dealing with the Serbian question because since Kvaternik's and Starcevic's time, the eradication of the Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia had become part of the programme of a considerable segment of Croatian politics.

That the Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia were undesirable and that they had to be, at all costs, using all available means, assimilated and uprooted from the soil of Croatia, is corroborated by the writing of Gajo Radunic in 1911. According to him, to be a Serb in Croatia was sad, "and it is still highly perilous to be called Serbian". Radunic was convinced that this adjective would disappear from Croatia and will be only a sad vestige in history, because the Serbian name will be completely lost after all the Serbs became Croats. The Serbian question, in his assessment, is "hanging like a sword over the heads of the Croats", and therefore "every Croatian heart must be happy on the day when we see these poisonous plants disappear from our fields (underlined by V.K.), when we have all as one seriously undertaken the job of liberating our beloved Croatian State. In other words, the Croats will be happy when the Serbs from Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia have disappeared, when Croatia is ethnically pure and unified, without the Serbs, because they are for the Croats in Croatia, in the opinion of Josip Miskatovic, bad grass, which the Croats "must weed out of their garden".

A convincing amount of evidence that a portion of the Croatian society, while still a part of Austria-Hungary, had come to the conclusion that the question of Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia can be resolved by genocide, was left behind by Stjepan Radic, leader of the Croatian Peasant Party. He explained the assaults by the Croatian ban Paul Rauch against the Croato-Serbian coalition by saying that Vienna was behind the ban in all respect. In this connection he wrote: "Whenever the gentlemen in Vienna were in distress, they would look for some kind of turbulence in which the populace would hit out blindly against anybody, and by then the gentlemen would finish their job... The Serbs were the most convenient people to make turbulence. They were settlers, of a different religion, for many reasons undesirable for the local population, so all that is needed from time to time is to give a wink and the slaughter is ready! (Underlined by V.K.) This is how it happened, in the autumn of 1902, in the middle of Zagreb and in the middle of a day, that the shops of the Serbian merchants were shattered."

With reference to morbid Frankists intentions vis-a-vis the Serbs, especially during the annexation crisis and the Zagreb treason trial, Radic wrote: "At the last meeting of the Frank-Starcevic Party of Right, a strange conclusion was adopted, about which the newspapers are writing a lot... A 'Croatian People's Legion' was set up 'for the defence of the Croatian motherland'... Most frightening of all is that what this legion calls for is not hatred, it is the slaughter of the Serbs. Those who support the Legion say that Bosnia, in which there are about 700,000 Serbs, will unite with Croatia so that either we slaughter these Serbs who are 'thirsty of Croat blood', or they should really drink our blood". (Underlined by V.K.) The Legion referred to by Radic was composed of volunteers, followers of Frank's Party of Right. It was founded in 1908, with the task of confronting the volunteer attachments from Serbia, but also of fighting the Serbs and pro-Yugoslav Croats from the coalition and other political parties. Rauch had a free hand against the Serbs in Croatia. Emperor Francis Joseph made no secret of his anger against the Croato-Serbian coalition, particularly against the Serbs, who, in his opinion, were playing a decisive role in the coalition. According to testimony of Isidor Krsnjavi, who was very well informed having himself taken part in all these events as an important factor, had there been less than 700,000 Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia, Rauch would have killed them all. However, since their number was fairly large, he said that it was not possible to carry it out.

The very thought of the physical destruction of the Serbs and Rauch's discussions on this point with his followers, bear witness to the anti-Serbian mood in the circle around the Croatian ban and to the ideas which preoccupied them and the way they intended to resolve the question of the Serbs there.

Preparations lasting over several decades for a showdown with Serbs were finalised in the political ideology of the Croats by the outbreak of the war in 1914. When, in that year, the Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, the political circles in Croatia ready for genocide believed that a suitable moment had come to destroy the Serbs. On the day of the assassination, in the midst of Zagreb, it was publicly stated that "around us and upon our bodies there are a multitude a blood sucking ticks in the shape of Serbs and Slav-Serbs, who are selling our land and sea, and now they are even murdering our king! We must have a final showdown with them and destroy them. This should be our aim from now on."

In a speech in 1917, Radic indirectly admitted that the Serbs in Croatia were threatened just because they declared themselves as Serbs. Presenting in the Sabor his view of what new Croatia would look like at the issue of the war, Radic said: "Not a hair on the head of a Serb in Croatia will be harmed any more even should he repeat a hundred times a day that he is a Serb."

When he says 'any more', it is clear that until then a Serb in Croatia could well be in trouble and was in trouble just because he was a Serb and because he did not want to become an Orthodox Croat. He was being forced to become an Orthodox Croat just because he lived in Croatia. Here, in the Croatian motherland, in the opinion of Radic and all the other Croat politicians who built their programmes upon the Croatian state right, "there must prevail only the Croatian state idea". This idea, Radic said, was "pure nationalism in full accordance with the state law".

If a comparison is made between the above adduced evidence on how prominent Croatian politicians at the of the century intended to resolve the question of the Serbs in Croatia, and how this question was being solved by the ustashas and by Dr. F. Tudjman, it is then clear that in all this there is a logical and organic link; it is also clear that the Croatian political idea was and has remained deeply indoctrinated with the idea of genocide. A proof of this are the statements and writings of Dr. Mile Budak, Pavelic's Minister for Religion and Education. In the Katolicki list (Catholic Paper) of June 29, 1941, Budak wrote: "As regards the Serbs living here, these are not Serbs but vagrants from the East who were brought by the Turks as bag carriers and servants. They are members of the Orthodox church and we have not been able to assimilate them. However, they should know that our motto is: 'either you bow or you leave'." (Underlined by V.K.) This method of dealing with the Serb question was also contained in the well-known Budak's statement where he said: "One-third of the Serbs will be slaughtered, one-third expelled, and one-third catholicized." (Underlined by V.K.)

Just as brutally open in stating what the ustashas intended to do to the Serbs was Dr. Ivo Guberina, a clergyman and ustasha. In 1943 he wrote: "Certain elements in Croatia, who during the time of Yugoslavia had the task to corrode the Croatia's state and popular organism; to incapacitate it for living and especially for the role which the providence has given it, and after the downfall of Yugoslavia remained in the Croatian organism, without changing an iota in their anti-Croatian tendencies. It is the natural right of the Croatian state and the Croatian people to cure its organism from this poison. The ustasha movement has undertaken this job; it is using the means which every surgeon uses in treating an organism. Whenever necessary, he makes the necessary incision.

"The ustasha movement will prefer that these heterogenous and now hostile elements should be quietly and freely assimilated or that this poison should be removed from the organism (moved back to the motherland). But if such elements will not assimilate but want to remain in the organism as a kind of a 'fifth column' for the corrosion of organism, or which is even worse, to come to an armed conflict as is happening with the chetnik-communist gangs, then according to all the principles of Catholic morals, they are the attackers (aggressors) and the Croatian state has the right to destroy these attackers with the sword. (Underlined by V.K.)

When the ustashas had already far gone with ethnic cleansing (expulsions and the physical destruction of the Serbs), when from Slavonia alone 65,000 Serbs were expelled, and their homes and lands were taken over by the Croats, Pavelic's Minister of Justice Mirko Puk told the Sabor of Croatia, on February 25, 1942, the following: "The moment the Croatian state government came into being, its first duty was to return this element (Serbs - V.K.), which had settled in these lands against all natural laws and against the will of the Croatian people, where it came from. The Croatian state government has in this sense carried out its Croat and its ustasha duty." This statement, made in the Sabor of Croatia, clearly reveals that the aim of the Croat and ustasha policy is that Croatia should at all costs be left without Serbs.

It is little known that the communist authorities of Croatia, too, immediately after the ending of the war in 1945, tried to prevent rather than assist the return of the Serbs refugees from Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, who had fled from the ustasha dagger. The federal authorities in Croatia were happy that the number of Serbs in Croatia had been considerably reduced. They were loath to undertake forcible measures to expel ustasha families from the Serbian homes or Serbian possessions. For this reason the Ministry of Colonisation of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia on several occasions during 1945, demanded from the popular government of Croatia and its competent ministries to warn the organs of government that they should properly and with care treat the returnees," members of the Serbian people "who are returning from Serbia to their Croatian motherland".

Here are a few proofs that a great and ethnically pure Croatia still fascinates the present rulers in Croatia, just as it used to do in the previous one hundred and more years. Prof. Dr. Slaven Letica, later a counsellor to President Tudjman, published on September 12, 1989, in the periodical Danas, an article entitled "Assimilation of Croatian Serbs". In this article Letica made a would-be scientific attempt to prove the inevitability of the assimilation of the Serbs in Croatia. He had gone back to the idea of the "Croatian political people", claiming that the Serbs in Croatia can opt for one of the two roads. They can be, as he wrote, an 'organic part' of the Serbian ethnic people, or 'a part of the Croatian political people'. Letica had in fact offered the Serbs what the Frankists had stubbornly and forcibly imposed on them throughout the second half of the 19th century, until year 1905 and the creation of the Croato-Serbian coalition. He offered them the option of renouncing their own national affiliation, in order to become a part of the "Croatian political" or "constitutive" people. He offered them what the Serbs in Croatia had never in the past been able or wanted to accept, because they were aware that the option offered to them was that of the political and national destruction. Until 1918, the Serbs had steadfastly resisted this road in an uncompromising struggle, firmly convinced that it was their struggle for survival. The option such as the one offered by Letica caused, within Austria-Hungary, a tribal rift between the Croats and Serbs, because it was at the core of all the clashes between the two nations. Letica had offered political solutions whose sources are in the Croatian state and historic law. Back in the 19th century, the Hungarian ruling circles had tried to impose these solutions on the Croats as well as on the Serbs, and the latter, in order to combat magyarization, resisted it stubbornly. The solutions offered by one of the respected members of Tudjman's Croatian Democratic Community, are in fact the well-known formula: one state, one nation, one language. Since this formula was topical during the Austrian, Austro-Hungarian and Pavelic's NDH governments, it is obvious that the current Croatian politicians are looking for their models in the times long gone by.

How Dr. Franjo Tudjman intended to create his great, ethnically pure and Catholic Croatian state, he explained at an international gathering which was attended by David Fisher, Director of the World Affairs Institute in San Francisco. During the promotion of the autobiographical book of Warren Zimmerman, former US Ambassador in Yugoslavia, Fisher said: "My experience is not as fresh as Warren's and mainly comes from my service in Bulgaria. But the two situations which I witnessed were a drastic warning that the situation in the former Yugoslavia was much more complicated than it had seemed to me. I remember a conference of the diplomatic corps in Germany in 1989, where the future President Franjo Tudjman was present, and who said that when he should become - not if he should become - President of Croatia, that the soil in Krajina would be red with blood. It was then clear to me that there is a political hatred which sooner or later must come out in the open."87 (Underlined by V.K.)

After this monstrous statement by Franjo Tudjman, I must remind my readers of the once mentioned writing by Dr. Pero Gavranic in 1895, where he said: "Today for sure nowhere in Europe is there more hatred among peoples of different tongues than exists here between the Croats and Serbs of the same language." He said further on: "So that we the Croats should have our independent statelet like the Serbs and that we should not be afraid of anybody, there would for sure be a war between the Croats and the Serbs, and this war would certainly be highly popular." As soon as the Croats got their independent statelet and as soon as Tudjman became president, the bloody war which he had planned even before becoming the head of the state was a certainty, especially since the Croats, far from having reasons to be afraid of anybody, were goaded from various parts abroad to a cruel showdown which they had been preparing for a long time.

According to assessments from well informed observers from Croatia, the objective of the war was not, as used to be said in public, to suppress the so-called Serbo-chetnik rebellion, but the creation of an ethnically pure state. This is what the Croat journalist Jelena Lovric said about it: "An ethnically pure state was declared from the highest state authorities to be the desired ideal. The head of the state in Knin, before the arraigned army and zooming cameras, publicly boasted the realisation of the 'historic results' - 'we have returned Zvonimir's city into the bosom of our Croatian motherland just as pure as it was in Zvonimir's time'. Thus the liberation of Knin had acquired a new dimension. It was no longer the question of fighting the Serbian rebellion but of the cleansing of the Serbs. This was the message overshadowing the entire Knin festivity, so we cannot be comforted that the otherwise highly excited president allowed an uncontrolled statement to escape. The chief inspector of the Croatian Army, General Ante Gotovina, said for example, that the 'Storm' was the ending of the several centuries of occupation of Croatia. Drago Krpina, Tudjman's counsellor for the liberated lands, describing the 'Storm' as the victory of all victories, exclaimed that Croatia had liberated the land which had been under occupation not five years but for a whole century."88 (Underlined by V.K.)

Even if these statements had not been publicly made, the outcome of the military operations known as 'Lightning' and 'Storm', after which Croatia was thoroughly cleansed, unambiguously show the aim with which Croatia decided to break up Yugoslavia. Now when the long desired ethnically pure state has been created, Tudjman and his collaborators are successfully resisting the return of the Serbs to their homes and their lands. In this they enjoy the indulgence from some great powers and Vatican, who had helped them in the action of ethnic cleansing. The satanization of the Serbs is being continued in the well known style. The insults are coming from all sides. Threats that the trees are made for Serbs are galore. The greater Croatian appetites have been whetted. Bosnia continues to be in the focus of Croat interest. As many times before, the Serbs are being told that they would find safety only if they swim across the Drina.89 The Croatian policy vis-a-vis the Serbs has remained exactly as it was during the Rightists, Franko-furtimists and ustashas. It is imbued with hatred which nobody is trying to bridle. Unbridled and encouraged from many quarters, it is a danger for the entire region, but also for the Croats in whose midst it was nurtured.